摘要
本文系统综述了骨折愈合的生物学机制及骨生物材料在临床中的应用进展。骨折愈合是一个复杂的多阶段生物学过程，涉及炎症反应、骨痂形成、软骨内骨化及骨重塑等关键环节，成骨细胞、破骨细胞及多种生长因子（如BMP、TGF-β）协同调控修复进程。传统固定材料存在生物相容性、力学适配性不足等问题，而新型生物活性材料（如可降解金属、生物陶瓷、复合支架）通过模拟骨基质成分、提供力学支撑、缓释生物活性因子，显著促进骨整合与血管化。骨组织工程技术结合干细胞与材料，为复杂骨缺损修复提供了新策略。未来研究需聚焦材料功能优化及临床转化，以提升难愈性骨折治疗效果。
关键词： 骨折愈合；骨痂形成；成骨细胞；生物材料；骨组织工程
Abstract
This paper systematically reviews the biological mechanisms of fracture healing and the progress of clinical application of bone biomaterials. Fracture healing is a complex multi-stage biological process involving key links such as inflammatory response, callus formation, endochondral ossification and bone remodeling. Osteoblasts, osteoclasts and various growth factors (such as BMP, TGF-β) synergistically regulate the repair process. Traditional fixation materials have problems such as insufficient biocompatibility and mechanical adaptability, while new bioactive materials (such as degradable metals, bioceramics, and composite scaffolds) significantly promote bone integration and vascularization by simulating bone matrix components, providing mechanical support, and slowly releasing bioactive factors. Bone tissue engineering technology combines stem cells and materials to provide a new strategy for the repair of complex bone defects. Future research needs to focus on material function optimization and clinical transformation to improve the treatment effect of refractory fractures.
Key words： Fracture healing; Callus formation; Osteoblasts; Biomaterials; Bone tissue engineering
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